{
  "article_author": [
    {
      "firstname": "Christina",
      "lastname": "Florin"
    }
  ],
  "civil_status": "Ogift",
  "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
  "contact": [
    {
      "firstname": "Martina",
      "lastname": "Bergman \u00d6sterberg",
      "type": "Sl\u00e4kting",
      "type_eng": "Relative"
    },
    {
      "firstname": "Ann Margret",
      "lastname": "Holmgren",
      "type": "V\u00e4n",
      "type_eng": "Friend"
    },
    {
      "firstname": "Anna",
      "lastname": "Bugge Wicksell",
      "type": "V\u00e4n",
      "type_eng": "Friend"
    },
    {
      "firstname": "Frigga",
      "lastname": "Carlberg",
      "place": {
        "pin": {
          "lat": "57.70887",
          "lon": "11.97456"
        },
        "place": "G\u00f6teborg"
      },
      "type": "V\u00e4n",
      "type_eng": "Friend"
    },
    {
      "firstname": "Gulli",
      "lastname": "Petrini",
      "place": {
        "pin": {
          "lat": "56.879004",
          "lon": "14.805852"
        },
        "place": "V\u00e4xj\u00f6"
      },
      "type": "V\u00e4n",
      "type_eng": "Friend"
    },
    {
      "firstname": "Gerda",
      "lastname": "Holmgren",
      "type": "V\u00e4n",
      "type_eng": "Friend"
    },
    {
      "firstname": "Ernst",
      "lastname": "Beckman",
      "type": "V\u00e4n",
      "type_eng": "Friend"
    },
    {
      "firstname": "Gerhard Halfred",
      "lastname": "Koch, von",
      "type": "V\u00e4n",
      "type_eng": "Friend"
    }
  ],
  "education": [
    {
      "place": {
        "pin": {
          "lat": 59.329323,
          "lon": 18.068581
        },
        "place": "Stockholm"
      },
      "type": "Flickskola"
    }
  ],
  "furtherreference": [
    {
      "description": "Signe Bergmans samling. Riksarkivet (H\u00e4mtad 2016-11-01)",
      "type": "Arkiv",
      "type_eng": "Archive",
      "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?ValdSortering=DatumStigande&PageSize=100&Sokord=Ann+Margret+Holmgren&EndastDigitaliserat=False&AvanceradSok=False&page=43&postid=ArkisRef+SE%2FRA%2F720789&s=TARKIS08_Balder"
    },
    {
      "description": "Bj\u00f6rkenlid, Bertil, *Kvinnokrav i manssamh\u00e4lle: r\u00f6str\u00e4ttskvinnorna och deras metoder som opinionsbildare och p\u00e5tryckargrupp i Sverige 1902-21 = Women's demands in men's society : the women suffragists and their methods as opinion-makers and as a pressure group in Sweden 1902-21*, Avd. f\u00f6r litteratursociologi, Litteraturvetenskapliga inst., Univ., Diss. Uppsala : Univ.,Uppsala, 1982",
      "type": "Litteratur",
      "type_eng": "Literature"
    },
    {
      "description": "R\u00f6nnb\u00e4ck, Josefin, *Politikens genusgr\u00e4nser: den kvinnliga r\u00f6str\u00e4ttsr\u00f6relsen och kampen f\u00f6r kvinnors politiska medborgarskap 1902-1921*, Atlas, Diss. Stockholm : Univ., 2004,Stockholm, 2004",
      "type": "Litteratur",
      "type_eng": "Literature"
    },
    {
      "description": "Av Signe Bergman",
      "description_eng": "By Signe Bergman",
      "type": "LIBRIS",
      "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
      "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%C3%B6rf%3a%28signe+bergman%29&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
    },
    {
      "description": "Om Signe Bergman",
      "description_eng": "About Signe Bergman",
      "type": "LIBRIS",
      "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
      "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%C3%A4mne%3a%28signe+bergman%29&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
    },
    {
      "description": "Kvinnors kamp f\u00f6r r\u00f6str\u00e4tt. KvinnSam, G\u00f6teborgs universitetsbibliotek (H\u00e4mtad 2016-11-17)",
      "type": "Webbplats",
      "type_eng": "Website",
      "url": "http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/rostratt/"
    },
    {
      "description": "R\u00f6str\u00e4tt f\u00f6r kvinnor, 1912-1919 (H\u00e4mtad 2016-11-17)",
      "type": "Litteratur",
      "type_eng": "Literature",
      "url": "http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid/04/index.xml"
    }
  ],
  "id": [
    {
      "id": "0000000000000000",
      "type": "ISNI"
    }
  ],
  "internal_comment": "Saknar ISNI.",
  "keyword": [
    "1800-talet",
    "1900-talet",
    "R\u00f6str\u00e4tt",
    "Kvinnor\u00f6relsen",
    "Liberalism",
    "Redakt\u00f6rer",
    "Bankanst\u00e4llda"
  ],
  "keyword_eng": [
    "19th century",
    "20th century",
    "Suffrage",
    "Women's movement",
    "Liberalism",
    "Politics"
  ],
  "lastmodified": "2021-06-08T14:06:51",
  "lexiconName": "skbl",
  "lexiconOrder": 28,
  "libris_uri": [
    "53hlpx1p0fztrds"
  ],
  "lifespan": {
    "age": 91,
    "from": {
      "date": {
        "comment": "1869-04-10",
        "date": "1869-04-10"
      },
      "place": {
        "parish": "Hedvig Eleonora f\u00f6rsamling",
        "pin": {
          "lat": 59.329323,
          "lon": 18.068581
        },
        "place": "Stockholm"
      }
    },
    "to": {
      "date": {
        "comment": "1960-05-09",
        "date": "1960-05-09"
      },
      "place": {
        "parish": "Oscars f\u00f6rsamling",
        "pin": {
          "lat": 59.329323,
          "lon": 18.068581
        },
        "place": "Stockholm"
      }
    }
  },
  "name": {
    "firstname": "/Signe/ Wilhelmina Ulrika",
    "lastname": "Bergman",
    "sortname": "Bergman"
  },
  "num_children": 0,
  "occupation": [
    {
      "description": "Museitj\u00e4nsteman",
      "detail": "Assistent British Museum",
      "place": {
        "pin": {
          "lat": 51.507351,
          "lon": -0.127758
        },
        "place": "London, Storbritannien"
      },
      "type": "Yrke",
      "type_eng": "Profession"
    },
    {
      "description": "Tj\u00e4nsteman",
      "detail": "Banktj\u00e4nsteman",
      "place": {
        "pin": {
          "lat": 59.329323,
          "lon": 18.068581
        },
        "place": "Stockholm"
      },
      "type": "Yrke",
      "type_eng": "Profession"
    },
    {
      "description": "Tidskriftsredakt\u00f6r",
      "from": {
        "comment": "1912",
        "date": "1912"
      },
      "place": {
        "pin": {
          "lat": 59.329323,
          "lon": 18.068581
        },
        "place": "Stockholm"
      },
      "to": {
        "comment": "1919",
        "date": "1919"
      },
      "type": "Ideellt arbete",
      "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
    }
  ],
  "organisation": [
    {
      "description": "Medlem av verkst\u00e4llande utskottet, sekreterare, vice ordf\u00f6rande, ordf\u00f6rande",
      "from": {
        "comment": "1907",
        "date": "1907"
      },
      "name": "Landsf\u00f6reningen f\u00f6r kvinnans politiska r\u00f6str\u00e4tt (LKPR)",
      "to": {
        "comment": "1917",
        "date": "1917"
      },
      "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
      "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
    },
    {
      "description": "Medlem",
      "name": "F\u00f6reningen frisinnade kvinnor (FFK, senare Frisinnade Kvinnors Riksf\u00f6rbund, FKR)",
      "type": "Politisk organisation",
      "type_eng": "Political organisation"
    },
    {
      "description": "Antinazistisk sammanslutning 1940\u20131945",
      "name": "Tisdagsklubben",
      "type": "Politisk organisation",
      "type_eng": "Political organisation"
    },
    {
      "description": "Medlem",
      "name": "Frisinnade landsf\u00f6reningen",
      "type": "Politiskt parti",
      "type_eng": "Political party"
    },
    {
      "description": "Medlem",
      "name": "Tolfterna",
      "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
      "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
    }
  ],
  "places": [
    {
      "from": {
        "comment": ""
      },
      "place": {
        "pin": {
          "lat": 51.507351,
          "lon": -0.127758
        },
        "place": "London, Storbritannien"
      }
    },
    {
      "from": {
        "comment": ""
      },
      "place": {
        "pin": {
          "lat": 59.329323,
          "lon": 18.068581
        },
        "place": "Stockholm"
      }
    }
  ],
  "portrait": [
    {
      "description": "Signe Bergman, 1914. Fotograf ok\u00e4nd (Stockolms stadsmuesum, D882)",
      "description_eng": "Signe Bergman, 1914. Photographer unknown (Stockolm City Museum, D882)",
      "original_url": "http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/rostratt/foton/bergman.jpg",
      "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Bergman_Signe.jpg"
    }
  ],
  "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
  "relation": [
    {
      "firstname": "Gunilla Carolina",
      "lastname": "Bergman, f\u00f6dd Hultbring",
      "type": "Mor",
      "type_eng": "Mother"
    },
    {
      "firstname": "Johan Victor",
      "lastname": "Bergman",
      "occupation": "H\u00e4radsh\u00f6vding",
      "type": "Far",
      "type_eng": "Father"
    },
    {
      "firstname": "Magnus",
      "lastname": "Bergman",
      "type": "Bror",
      "type_eng": "Brother"
    }
  ],
  "skbl_status": "OK",
  "source": [
    {
      "description": "Florin, Christina, *Kvinnor f\u00e5r r\u00f6st: k\u00f6n, k\u00e4nslor och politisk kultur i kvinnornas r\u00f6str\u00e4ttsr\u00f6relse*, Atlas, Stockholm, 2006",
      "type": "Litteratur",
      "type_eng": "Literature"
    }
  ],
  "subtitle": "R\u00f6str\u00e4ttskvinna",
  "subtitle_eng": "Suffragette",
  "text": "Signe Bergman var en centralgestalt i den svenska r\u00f6str\u00e4ttsr\u00f6relsen i b\u00f6rjan av 1900-talet. \n\nSigne Bergman var en typisk flickskoleelev i den \u00f6vre medelklassen med ett vidlyftigt umg\u00e4ngesliv, utflykter och fester, och som roade sig med tennis och uppvaktande l\u00f6jtnanter. Det borgerliga familjelivet med en stor sl\u00e4kt gav henne en gedigen utbildning och sociala n\u00e4tverk som hon senare skulle f\u00e5 nytta av i sin kommande g\u00e4rning. Framf\u00f6r allt fick hon en uppfostran d\u00e4r borgerliga dygder var framtr\u00e4dande: den individuella prestationen, sj\u00e4lvkontrollen, den reglerade livsf\u00f6ringen och tron p\u00e5 kunskapens och bildningens makt. Hennes arbetsdisciplin m\u00e4rks tidigt: \u201dArbete \u00e4r livets morfin\u201d s\u00e4ger hon i ett brev fr\u00e5n ungdomstiden.\n\nEfter flickskoletiden \u00e5kte Signe Bergman till sin sl\u00e4kting, [](Martina Bergman-\u00d6sterberg), i England, som hade ett v\u00e4lk\u00e4nt institut f\u00f6r blivande l\u00e4rarinnor. D\u00e4r studerade hon engelska, franska och tyska. I breven hem till sin v\u00e4ninna Anna Levertin lyfter hon fram sin h\u00e4nf\u00f6relse \u00f6ver den engelska kulturen och hon skaffade sig engelska vanor, smak och umg\u00e4ngesformer. I breven m\u00e4rks ocks\u00e5 att den engelska milj\u00f6n hade gjort Signe Bergman mottaglig f\u00f6r feminismen som id\u00e9. Kvinnors entusiasm och styrka m\u00e5ste tas till vara. Det var ocks\u00e5 i England som hon f\u00f6r f\u00f6rsta g\u00e5ngen fick h\u00f6ra talas om suffragetterna, de engelska r\u00f6str\u00e4ttskvinnorna, \u00e4ven om hon med tiden ins\u00e5g att deras metoder inte var n\u00e5got som svenska kvinnor skulle ta \u00f6ver. N\u00e4r hon kom tillbaka till Sverige b\u00f6rjade hon arbeta som kass\u00f6r i Hypoteksbanken, ett arbete som hon hade fram till pensionen.\n\nSigne Bergman var medlem i det verkst\u00e4llande utskottet av Landsf\u00f6reningen f\u00f6r kvinnans politiska r\u00f6str\u00e4tt (LKPR) 1907\u2013 1919, sekreterare 1909\u20131911, vice ordf\u00f6rande 1912\u20131913 och ordf\u00f6rande 1913\u20131917. Hon ledde och f\u00f6rdelade arbetet i den stora riksorganisationen som bestod av 17 000 medlemmar och 260 lokalf\u00f6reningar \u00f6ver hela Sverige. Hennes betydelse f\u00f6r den kvinnliga r\u00f6str\u00e4ttsr\u00f6relsens politiska arbete \u2013 kontaktskapandet, opinionsbildningen och genomf\u00f6randet av kampanjerna \u2013 var mycket stor. Signe Bergman blev tidigt medelpunkten \u00e4ven om hon inte var med n\u00e4r f\u00f6reningen bildades utan kom in i r\u00f6relsen f\u00f6rst ett par \u00e5r efter det att massmobiliseringen hade satt ig\u00e5ng. Hon avgick som ordf\u00f6rande p\u00e5 h\u00f6sten 1917 i den stora besvikelsen \u00f6ver att F\u00f6rsta kammaren inte sl\u00e4ppte fram kvinnorna det \u00e5ret heller fast de hade f\u00e5tt ett l\u00f6fte om det. \n\n\u201dOm n\u00e5gon kunde ana hur sv\u00e5rt det \u00e4r att h\u00e5lla maskineriet i g\u00e5ng\u201d skriver Signe Bergman \u00e5r 1907 till [](Frigga Carlberg), en annan pionj\u00e4r i r\u00f6str\u00e4ttsr\u00f6relsen. Och n\u00e4r man summerar vad hon gjorde under sina m\u00e5nga \u00e5r i ledningen f\u00f6r den svenska r\u00f6str\u00e4ttsr\u00f6relsen blir hennes uttalande begripligt. Signe Bergman var representativ, spr\u00e5kkunnig, internationellt orienterad och beg\u00e5vad med ett stort m\u00e5tt av kulturellt kapital genom sin bakgrund i en v\u00e4lrenommerad \u00e4mbetsmannafamilj \u2013 fadern var h\u00e4radsh\u00f6vding. Hon var inspirationsk\u00e4llan f\u00f6r de andra r\u00f6str\u00e4ttskvinnorna och medlemmarna ute i landet, f\u00f6rbindelsel\u00e4nken till pressen, till politiska ledare och \u00e4mbetsm\u00e4n i staten. Hennes n\u00e4rmaste v\u00e4nkrets var andra frisinnade liberaler som [](Gulli Petrini), [](Ann Margret Holmgren) och [Anna Bugge Wicksell](Anna Wicksell).\n\nN\u00e4r staten skulle g\u00f6ra en offentlig utredning om kvinnor\u00f6str\u00e4tten var Signe Bergman den som f\u00f6rs\u00e5g utredningsm\u00e4nnen med nationellt och utl\u00e4ndskt material. Hon var bland annat organisat\u00f6ren bakom de tv\u00e5 stora namninsamlingarna 1907 och 1913, vilka samlade n\u00e4rmare en halv miljon kvinnonamn f\u00f6r r\u00f6str\u00e4tt. Hon organiserade ocks\u00e5 den stora internationella r\u00f6str\u00e4ttskonferensen 1911, d\u00e4r [](Selma Lagerl\u00f6f) h\u00f6ll ett mycket ber\u00f6mt tal, och sk\u00f6tte de internationella kontakterna och resorna utomlands till kongresser och m\u00f6ten. Hon skickade ut resetalare till kretsarna f\u00f6r att bilda nya kretsar eller bl\u00e5sa liv i insomnade f\u00f6reningar. Hon ordnade uppvaktningar av riksdagspolitiker och kungahuset. Signe Bergman h\u00f6ll s\u00e5ledes ett vakande \u00f6ga \u00f6ver hela r\u00f6relsen och s\u00e5g till att agitationen och upplysningsverksamheten h\u00f6lls ig\u00e5ng och att pressen informerades om allt. Det var ocks\u00e5 Signe Bergman som l\u00e5g bakom att tidningen *R\u00f6str\u00e4tt f\u00f6r kvinnor* b\u00f6rjade ges ut \u00e5r 1912. \n\nSigne Bergman var huvudfigur i LKPR och spindeln i n\u00e4tet f\u00f6r hela verksamheten under st\u00f6rre delen av kamp\u00e5ren. Hon var organisat\u00f6ren och ledargestalten och byggde upp ett stort kvinnon\u00e4tverk, som fick betydelse i den politiska utvecklingen kring demokratins genomf\u00f6rande i Sverige. Hon \u00e4r \u00e4nd\u00e5 inte s\u00e5 v\u00e4lk\u00e4nd i den svenska feministiska historieskrivningen, m\u00f6jligen beroende p\u00e5 att hon inte har l\u00e4mnat efter sig biografiska ber\u00e4ttelser om sig sj\u00e4lv och inte heller var en stor talare. Men Signe Bergman f\u00f6rtj\u00e4nar att lyftas fram som den stora praktikern, ledaren och organisat\u00f6ren bakom kvinnor\u00f6str\u00e4tten. Riksarkivet och Riksdagsbiblioteket har givit sina brevsamlingar fr\u00e5n r\u00f6str\u00e4ttskvinnor Signe Bergmans namn, vilket visar att hon ocks\u00e5 varit aktiv i att samla ihop dokument och minnen f\u00f6r framtidens forskare n\u00e4r kvinnor\u00f6str\u00e4tten v\u00e4l g\u00e5tt igenom. \n\nSigne Bergman avled 9 maj 1960 och jordf\u00e4stes p\u00e5 Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
  "text_eng": "Signe Bergman was a central figure of the Swedish suffrage movement during the early 1900s. \n\nSigne Bergman was a typical upper-middle class girls\u2019 school pupil who enjoyed a comprehensive social life with outings and parties, and who spent her leisure time playing tennis and courting military officers. Signe Bergman\u2019s bourgeois background and large family ensured she had a thorough education and provided a social network which she made use of in her later endeavours. Her education primarily involved prominent bourgeois values such as individual accomplishments, self-control, leading a proper lifestyle, and a belief in the power of knowledge and education. Her work ethic was apparent from an early stage: \u201cwork is the morphine of life\u201d she once stated in a letter written when she was young. \n\nAfter she had completed girls\u2019 school Signe Bergman went to live with a relative called [](Martina Bergman-\u00d6sterberg) who was living in England and running a well-reputed institute to train future female teachers. There Signe Bergman studied English, French, and German. Her letters home to her friend Anna Levertin emphasise her love for British culture and she adopted British habits, tastes, and behaviour. These letters also reveal that Signe Bergman had become receptive to the idea of feminism in these British surroundings. She felt that women\u2019s enthusiasm and their strength must be taken into consideration. It was also during this time in Britain that Signe Bergman was first exposed to the suffragettes, the British women\u2019s suffrage campaigners, albeit as time passed she realised that their methods were not the sort of thing that Swedish women should emulate. When Signe Bergman returned to Sweden she initially worked as a cashier at Hypoteksbanken, a job she retained until retirement. \n\nSigne Bergman was a member of the executive committee of Landsf\u00f6reningen f\u00f6r kvinnans politiska r\u00f6str\u00e4tt (LKPR) (national association for women\u2019s suffrage) from 1907\u20131919. She served as its secretary from 1909\u20131911, as its deputy chair from 1912\u20131913, and as its chair from 1913\u20131917. She ran and delegated the work of the large national organisation, which comprised 17,000 members and 260 local associations across Sweden. Signe Bergman was of great importance to the political work of the suffragette movement \u2013 setting up contacts, influencing public opinion, and carrying out campaigns. Although Signe Bergman had not been present when the association had initially been founded and had only joined it a few years after after the mass-mobilisation efforts had begun, she nevertheless became a focal point within the association at an early stage. She retired as chair in the autumn of 1917 following great disappointment when the first chamber of parliament did not admit women even though they had promised to do so. \n\n\u201cIf you only knew how difficult it is to keep things running\u201d Signe Bergman wrote in 1907 to [](Frigga Carlberg), another pioneer of the suffragette movement. When one summarises all her efforts throughout her many years on the executive of the Swedish suffragette movement this expression of frustration is understandable. Signe Bergman was a great representative, linguistically gifted, internationally oriented, and talented and had a generous amount of cultural capital through her background as part of a well-reputed civil-servant\u2019s family \u2013 her father was a chief district judge. She was the inspiration for other suffragettes and members of the association nationwide, she served as a link to the press, to political leaders and other civil servants. Her closest friends were other similarly-minded liberals such as [](Gulli Petrini) and [Anna Bugge Wicksell](Anna Wicksell). \n\nWhen the government was about to undertake an official investigation into women\u2019s suffrage Signe Bergman supplied the investigators with domestic and international material. She also served as the organiser of the two petitions held in 1903 and 1913 in which nearly half a million women\u2019s names in favour of suffrage were gathered. She also organised the major international suffrage conference held in 1911 at which [](Selma Lagerl\u00f6f) gave a very famous speech, and she managed international connections and travel abroad to conferences and meetings. She sent out speakers to existing circles to help build new circles or to reinvigorate those which had fallen dormant. She organised petitioning of parliamentarians and of the monarchy. Signe Bergman thus kept her eyes on the movement in its entirety and ensured that both activities and informational services were maintained and that the press was kept up to date on everything. Signe Bergman was also behind the organ *R\u00f6str\u00e4tt f\u00f6r kvinnor* which was first published in 1912. \n\nSigne Bergman was a key figure within the LKPR and the chief cog in the whole enterprise for most of the campaign period. She was the organiser and the leading figure and built up a sizeable network of women which became influential during the political developments as democracy was introduced into Sweden. Despite this she is not so well-known within Swedish feminist historiography, perhaps due to the fact that she did not leave any personal biographical information behind nor was she prone to speaking about herself. Signe Bergman nevertheless deserves to be highlighted as the great activist, leader, and organiser that she was within the women\u2019s suffrage movement. Riksarkivet (the Swedish National Archives) and Riksdagbiblioteket (the Parliamentary Library) have named their collections of suffragette letters after Signe Bergman, revealing that she was also actively engaged in gathering documents and memoires for future researchers for when women\u2019s suffrage finally became enacted. \n\nSigne Bergman died on 9 May 1960. She is buried at the Norra cemetery in Solna.",
  "translator": {
    "firstname": "Alexia",
    "lastname": "Grosjean"
  },
  "url": "SigneBergman",
  "v_all_places": [
    "G\u00f6teborg|57.70887|11.97456",
    "V\u00e4xj\u00f6|56.879004|14.805852",
    "London, Storbritannien|51.507351|-0.127758",
    "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581"
  ],
  "viaf_id": "51671425"
}